2018.034.009 Oral History Interview with Claire Thomas and Ernie Collette July 21, 2017
This interview, led by a law professor and staff attorney, goes over immigration policies and detention facilities of the United States and how those policies have become shaped by the Golden Venture cargo ship. Golden Venture smuggled undocumented immigrants from China into the United States (Rockaway, Queens) in 1993. Claire and Ernie discuss the 1986 and 1996 immigration acts and how they changed within a decade. These policies, which were once welcoming to undocumented immigrants and immigrants looking for asylum, turned hostile post 9/11. The Homeland Security Act, which was introduced in 2002, largely impacted immigrants and ethnic communities that resided in the United States. Claire and Ernie describe the living conditions and locations of detention facilities throughout the United States. They also discuss the unjust process of deportation of undocumented immigrants during their check-ins with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). These strict policies end up breaking up families and leaving unaccompanied children, even infants, in juvenile detention centers.

0:00 - Homeland Security Act impacting immigrants, came after 9/11, hysteria created by 9/11, placing blame on certain ethnic groups, South Asian men, marginalized groups, better managed agency, cost effective, climate of fear, deportation of innocent people post 9/11, left to the right, harming ethnic communities, five boroughs, children left without their parents, deportation of parents, breaking families apart

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0:11 - Introduction, professions, law professor, staff attorney, social security, immigration practice

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1:20 - Golden Venture, book, mentor, passengers’ lives, story, immigration policies, individuals impacted

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2:30 - Colleague, immigrant rights, book resonating with Ernie, son of immigrants, all walks of life, American Dream, surge of unaccompanied children, Central America, history repeating itself

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3:59 - 1986 Immigration Act, passengers from Golden Venture, civil wars in Central America, U.S. involvement, seeking safety in U.S.

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5:40 - Sanctuary Act in 1986, result of civil wars in 1980s during Reagan administration, Congress, democratic Congress, somewhat favorable to immigrants, amnesty, lawful permanent residents, United States citizens, achieving peace and prosperity in the United States

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7:34 - 1993, Clinton administration, catch and release policy, hearing dates, immigration court, asylum in the United States, passengers were men, passengers were detained for three years, being detained due to seeking asylum, media, conservatives, inauguration, welcoming to guilty

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10:10 - 1996 Act, undocumented immigrants, asylum seekers, immigration and public benefits law, passage of 1996 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act, more laws following 9/11, tightening immigration, restrictions on those seeking safety in the United States

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11:21 - Public benefits, Republican Revolution, takeover of the House, President Clinton, PROWRA, Chinese communities throughout the United States, immigrant and non-immigrant eligibility for benefits, belief that immigrants were not contributing to the United States, 1880s, Chinese Exclusion Act

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13:29 - Golden Venture, INS (Immigration Naturalization Services), Homeland Security, CBP, federal government, 9/11, Homeland Security Act 2002, immigration benefits, access to permanent residency

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16:00 - Characterizing Homeland Security, department of Homeland Security, subdivisions, ICE, immigration court, border protection, CBP, benefits arm of immigration, green card applications, lawful permanent residence, citizenship application, coast guard, democratic and republican parties, levels of distrust and separation, detention, individuals being turned away at the border, blanket or sword, immigrant landscape

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22:57 - Control practices, who’s being affected, private agencies, regular check-ins with ICE, order of supervision, parole, ICE office, non-U.S. citizen, arresting non-U.S. citizens during check-ins, controversy with ICE, fast-track to deportation, individuals fleeing Central America, conviction of minor crimes, expedited removal, restraints in court, detention facilities in New York City, reuniting with or separating from family, travel ban placed in January, restricting countries from the Middle East

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33:40 - Immigrant detention facilities, offshoot of prison industrial complex, large amount of money into jailing people, jailing children and adults, prison-like conditions, wearing jumpsuits, children shelters, housing in warehouse-like situations, 44,000 people sleeping in detention beds per night, taxpayers contributing to detention facilities, “arriving aliens”, fear of going back to home countries, Golden Venture

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37:50 - Southern Texas, detention facilities for women and children, South America, Haiti, Afghanistan, women from all over the world, customs and border protection, looking for protection and asylum, United States being full, women scared of going back home, large detention facilities, Louisiana, Georgia, rural areas, access to council, difficult to find council, raising funds, children and babies are not part of the 44,000 person quota, juvenile delinquent population

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42:30 - Psychological consequences of detention facilities, lack of access to healthcare, constant rotation of juvenile delinquents within detention facilities, psychologically traumatized, adverse impacts, horrors of detention, bottled water, polluted groundwater by fracking, delinquents drinking tap water with pollutants, pre-existing medical conditions

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49:47 - Sanctuary city, liberal concept, 1980s, Central American people, religious organizations, proper visas, studying at school, New York City being a sanctuary city, handing over individuals to ICE, New York City charging individuals, targeting and discriminating individuals in specific communities, Chinatown, Brooklyn, Queens, removal proceeding, federal government, not trusting sanctuary cities, change for police officers acting as ICE officers

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55:24 - Southern or northern border of the United States, 1993, immigrant experience, Pennsylvania, women and children, takeaways from exhibition, work to be done, role to play, ending practice of immigrant detention, stories of individual people are humanized and brought to life, individuals telling their story

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